My expertise is on development, social change, women’s rights, and political Islam in Pakistan. I am happy to speak to Rotary clubs about the various political, social, logistical, and economic challenges of Type 1 wild polio eradication in both Pakistan & Afghanistan. These are the only two countries left in the world where it has not been eradicated, and I can speak about the reasons why cases escalated in Pakistan and Afghanistan respectively, from just 6 and 6 in 2023 to 74 and 25 in 2024, then to 69 and 5 cases in 2025. Thus far, there have been few reported cases in both countries in 2026, and we can discuss reasons for that as well.